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如何在 pip 中自动设置 --break-system-packages

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问题

当你使用 pip 安装 Python 包时，在较新版本的 Debian 或 Ubuntu 上，你将看到以下警告：

setup.txt
error: externally-managed-environment

× This environment is externally managed
╰─> To install Python packages system-wide, try apt install
    python3-xyz, where xyz is the package you are trying to
    install.

    If you wish to install a non-Debian-packaged Python package,
    create a virtual environment using python3 -m venv path/to/venv.
    Then use path/to/venv/bin/python and path/to/venv/bin/pip. Make
    sure you have python3-full installed.

    If you wish to install a non-Debian packaged Python application,
    it may be easiest to use pipx install xyz, which will manage a
    virtual environment for you. Make sure you have pipx installed.

    See /usr/share/doc/python3.12/README.venv for more information.

note: If you believe this is a mistake, please contact your Python installation or OS distribution provider. You can override this, at the risk of breaking your Python installation or OS, by passing --break-system-packages.
hint: See PEP 668 for the detailed specification.

解决方案

你可以用正确的方式（使用 pipx 或类似工具），但既然你在阅读本文，我假设你只是想消除警告而不必每次调用 pip 时指定 --break-system-packages。

为此，以你运行 pip 的用户身份运行以下 shell 脚本：

set_pip_break_system_packages.sh
mkdir -p ~/.config/pip
echo "[global]" >> ~/.config/pip/pip.conf
echo "break-system-packages = true" >> ~/.config/pip/pip.conf

之后，pip 每次运行时都会自动使用 --break-system-packages。也就是说，它会按你预期的方式运行。

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