How to compute velocity factor in Python using UliEngineering
You can easily compute the velocity factor of a transmission line medium using the UliEngineering Python library:
velocity_factor.py
from UliEngineering.Electronics.PropagationSpeed import *
from UliEngineering.EngineerIO import *
# Compute velocity factor for FR4 PCB (relative permittivity ~4.5)
vf = velocity_factor(4.5)
print(f"Velocity factor for FR4 (εr=4.5): {vf:.3f}")
# Compute velocity factor for air (εr=1.0)
vf = velocity_factor(1.0)
print(f"Velocity factor for air (εr=1.0): {vf:.3f}")Example output
velocity_factor_output.txt
Velocity factor for FR4 (εr=4.5): 0.471
Velocity factor for air (εr=1.0): 1.000The velocity factor is computed using the formula: $VF = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\varepsilon_r}}$, where $\varepsilon_r$ is the relative permittivity of the medium.
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